Sarah Emma Edmonds - Woman Who Fought in the Civil War

Sarah Emma Edmonds - Woman Who Fought in the Civil War Known for:â serving in the Civil War by camouflaging herself as a man; composing a post-Civil War book about her wartime encounters Dates:â - Sarah Emma Edmonds was conceived Edmonson or Edmondson in New Brunswick, Canada in December 1841. Her dad was Isaac Edmon(d)son and her mom Elizabeth Leepers.â Early Life Sarah grew up working in the fields with her family and was typically wearing boys’ attire doing so. She left home to keep away from a marriage prompted by her father. Eventually, she started dressing as a man, selling Bibles, and calling herself Franklin Thompson. She moved to Flint, Michigan as an aspect of her responsibilities, and there she chose to join Company F of the Second Michigan Regiment of Volunteer Infantry, still as Franklin Thompson. During the War She effectively avoiding location as a lady for a year, however some individual troopers appear to have suspected. She took an interest in the Battle of Blackburns Ford, First Bull Run/Manassas, the Peninsular Campaign, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. Once in a while, she served in the limit of an attendant, and some of the time all the more effectively in the campaign. According to her journals, she at times filled in as a government operative, masked as a lady (Bridget OShea), a kid, a dark lady or a dark man. She may have made 11 excursions behind Confederate lines. At Antietam, treating one warrior, she understood that it was another lady in mask, and consented to cover the fighter with the goal that none would find her genuine personality. She abandoned in Lebanon in April 1863. There’s been some hypothesis that her renunciation was to join James Reid, another trooper who left, giving as an explanation that his significant other was wiped out. Subsequent to abandoning, she worked - as Sarah Edmonds - as a medical attendant for the U.S. Christian Commission. Edmonds distributed her form of her administration - with numerous embellishments - in 1865 as Nurse and Spy in the Union Army. She gave continues from her book to social orders established to help veterans of the war. Living day to day After the War At Harpers Ferry, while nursing, she had met Linus Seelye, and they wedded in 1867, first living in Cleveland, later moving around to different states including Michigan, Louisiana, Illinois, and Texas. Their three kids passed on youthful and they received two children. In 1882 she started to request of for an annuity as a veteran, requesting help with her interest from numerous who had served in the military with her. She was allowed one of every 1884 under her new hitched name, Sarah E. E. Seelye, including back compensation and including expelling the assignment of betrayer from Franklin Thomas’ records. She moved to Texas, where she was conceded into the GAR (Grand Army of the Republic), the main lady to be conceded. Sarah kicked the bucket a couple of years after the fact in Texas on September 5, 1898. We are aware of Sarah Emma Edmonds fundamentally through her own book, through records gathered to protect her annuity guarantee, and through journals of two men with whom she served. Book reference Common War Battle from the Perspective of a Nurse - S. Emma Edmondsâ -a portion from Edmonds 1865 diary recounting to the narrative of the Battle of Bull Run, 1861 (additionally called first Manassas)Moss, Marissa. Nurse, Soldier, Spy: The Story of Sarah Edmonds, a Civil War Hero. Ages 9-12.Sequin, Marilyn. Where Duty Calls: The Story of Sarah Emma Edmonds, Soldier and Spy in the Union Army. Young Adult Fiction.Reil, Seymour. Behind Rebel Lines: The Incredible Story of Emma Edmonds, Civil War Spy. Ages 9-12.Edmonds, S. Emma. Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: Comprising the Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals, Camps and Battle-Fields.â 1865.

Consider the View That Only Form Matters When Properly Appreciating Art Essay

Workmanship thankfulness is the comprehension of the ageless characteristics that describe all extraordinary craftsmanship, and by and by I feel is an abstract issue; what I find stylishly satisfying may not make a difference to every other person. There are numerous reasons why we esteem workmanship; since it educates us, in light of its expressive quality, and due to its creative quality. For this situation, the last is being examined, that acceptable craftsmanship is acceptable as a result of tasteful happiness regarding structure, the parity and structure and extent. Its contended that substance isn't significant, simply the conventional characteristics make it great craftsmanship, for instance Jackson Pollock, his work depends on lines and hues and is esteemed profoundly, along these lines content is irellevant. Anyway the view that workmanship ought to be esteemed for its expressive characteristics or purification as Aristotle called it; the passionate cleansing and purging. He accepted individuals watched disasters to make themselves passionate and upset however in a manner cheerful, as they at that point have cleansed any negative feeling they had. In the event that workmanship was only something that caused feeling it would be inconsequential, however the way that craftsmanship can pass on something that is otherworldly lies its worth. Anyway the contention that structures matters gives us that anything can trigger feelings, for example, pity or dread, without being craftsmanship, however formal characteristics are one of a kind. Numerous individuals esteem workmanship becuase it can illuminate us, we esteem it in the event that it is consistent with nature or to life. Platos impersonation hypothesis applies here, that all specialists are only replicating the structure so it can not be acceptable craftsmanship, however all perceptual experience includes understanding, so there is nothing to duplicate. Extraordinary authentic canvases can give us visual information on specific focuses in time, yet impediments with this is anything can educate us without being craftsmanship, a book can advise us yet isn’t workmanship. This capacity to advise us isn't what cause sus to welcome it however the creative characteristics it holds; the structures, is the thing that causes us to value it. Be that as it may, at that point there is the contention that structure isn't sufficient, without anyone else, to keep the auidence caught as magnificence alone isn't sufficient. That there must be substance to welcome it, for example, a significance, a story behind it, structure comes up short on this capacity. I for one accept that while acknowledging craftsmanship, structure does make a difference. It makes a bit of workmanship exceptional however I likewise belive that it exclusively matters, I value its enlightening characteristics and its expressive ones, so a decent bit of fine art for me, ought to contain every one of the three characteristics.

How Pope Urban Incited the Christians at Clermont Essay - 550 Words

How Pope Urban Incited the Christians at Clermont (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorClassDateHow Pope Urban Incited the Christians at ClermontThe lord Pope went into the plains in Clermont and spoke to a congregation there. His speech served to insight and implore upon the Christians to take up arms and engage in a Holy war with the Persians. The Pope did not mince his words in getting his message across. Further, he said that it was the will of God that the Christians go to war to rescue their counterparts in Jerusalem. This essay will focus on what the Lord Pope said that would move the Christians to engage in the said war.At the beginning of his speech, the lord pope made the Christians aware of the imminent danger that was about to befall them. He informed them of the tragedy that had befallen their brothers and sisters-in -Christ in Jerusalem in the City of Constantinople. A race from the Persian Kingdom had attacked the city and depopulated it by pillage and fire. The people who did not die as a result were taken as captives by t his ungodly race. This statement was arousing anger within the Christians of a race that was cursed by God to take over the faithfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s land.The Persians had allegedly destroyed the churches or appropriated them for their own religion. The pope claimed that the Persians had defiled alters in the churches with their uncleanliness and then went ahead to destroy them. These statements were meant to infuriate the Christians and incite them into going to war with the kingdom that had taken over the Greek territory. It was meant to re-awaken that bond that binds all the Christians together and make them rise against their oppressors. The pope also informed the Christians that a huge chunk of the Greek territory had been annexed by the territory. He described the chunk as being so huge that it would take two months to transverse it.The lord Pope appealed to the gathering to take up arms and rescue their brothers in Jerusalem. He went to great lengths to explain the kind of Gifts they would receive from the Lord for rescuing their fellow Christians from bondage. He promised them external life and remission of all their sins. He informed them that their sacrifices in leaving their loved ones behind to undertake the holy war would be compensated for by the Lord with external life and abundance (Fordham.edu)The pope begged the Christians of Clermont to put aside their personal differences and unite against the common enemy that was the Persian race. He promised redemption even to the most wicked of them. It was like they were getting a second chance to make right things with their Lord. He called upon the low wage mercenaries to stop their trade and start killing in the name of the Lord.He then went ahead to explain that the lord had chosen them for this undertaking. He pointed out...

About Marcel Breuer, Bauhaus Architect and Designer

You may recognize Marcel Breuers Wassily chair, but you know Breuers Cesca, the bouncy metal tubular dining room chair with the (often fake plastic) cane seat and back. An original B32 model is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City Even today, you can buy them, because Breuer never took a patent on the design. Marcel Breuer was a Hungarian designer and architect who moved with and beyond the Bauhaus school of design. His steel tube furniture brought 20th century modernism to the masses, but his bold use of precast concrete enabled large, modern buildings to be built under budget. Background: Born: May 21, 1902 in PÃ ©cs, Hungary Full Name: Marcel Lajos Breuer Died: July 1, 1981 in New York City Married: Marta Erps, 1926-1934 Citizenship: Immigrated to the U.S. in 1937; naturalized citizen in 1944 Education: 1920: studied at Vienna Academy of Fine Arts1924: Master of Architecture, Bauhaus School in Weimer, Germany Professional Experience: 1924: Pierre Chareau, Paris1925-1935: Master of the Carpentry Shop, Bauhaus School1928-1931: Bund Deutscher Architekten (Association of German Architects), Berlin1935-1937: Partnership with British architect F.R.S. Yorke, London1937: Begins teaching at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts1937-1941: Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer Architects, Cambridge, MA1941: Marcel Breuer and Associates, Cambridge (MA), NYC, and Paris Selected Architectural Works: 1939: Breuer House (own residence), Lincoln, Massachusetts1945: Geller House (Breuers first post-war bi-nuclear design), Long Island, NY1953-1968: St. Johns Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota1952-1958: UNESCO World Headquarters, Paris, France1960-1962: IBM Research Center, La Gaude, France1964-1966: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City1965-1968: Robert C. Weaver Federal Building, Washington, DC1968-1970: Armstrong Rubber Company Headquarters, West Haven, Connecticut1980: Central Public Library, Atlanta, Georgia Best Known Furniture Designs: 1925: Wassily chair1928: Cesca chair -- also known as the B32 Selected Awards: 1968: FAIA, Gold Medal1968: Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture1976: Grand Medalle dOr French Academy of Architecture Breuers Students at Harvard University: Philip JohnsonI.M. Pei Influences and Related People: Walter GropiusPaul Klee, Swiss artistLudwig Mies van der RoheRichard NeutraBreuer, along with Landis Gores, John Johansen, Philip Johnson, and Eliot Noyes, were known in New Canaan, Connecticut as The Harvard Five In the Words of Marcel Breuer: Source: Marcel Breuer papers, 1920-1986. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution But I dont want to live in a house which was in vogue twenty years ago.—Defining Modern Architecture [undated] ...objects have their different appearances as a result of their different functions. In that they should individually satisfy our needs, and not conflict with each other, they together give rise to our style....objects acquire a form corresponding to their function. In contrast to the arts and crafts (kunstgewerbe) conception where objects of the same function take on different forms as a result of variations and inorganic ornament.—On Form and Function at the Bauhaus in 1923 [1925] Sullivans statement form follows function needs a finish to the sentence but not always. Also here we have to use a judgment of our own good senses, -- also here we should not accept blindly the tradition.—Notes on Architecture, 1959 One needs no technical knowledge to conceive an idea but one does need technical ability and knowledge to develop this idea. But conceiving the idea and mastering the technique do not require the same abilities....The main thing is that we act at the point where something needed is lacking, and use the potential that we have at our disposal to find an economic and coherent solution.—On Form and Function at the Bauhaus in 1923 [1925] Thus modern architecture would exist even without reinforced concrete, plywood or linoleum. It would exist even in stone, wood and brick. It is important to emphasize this because doctrinaire and unselective use of new materials falsifies the basic principles of our work.—On Architecture and Material, 1936 There are two separate zones, connected only by the entrance hall. One is for common living, eating, sport, games, gardening, visitors, radio, for every days dynamic living. The second, in a separate wing, is for concentration, work and sleeping: the bedrooms are designed and dimensioned so that they may be used as private studies. Between the two zones is a patio for flowers, plants; visually connected with, or practically a part of, the living room and the hall.—On a Design of a Bi-Nuclear House, 1943 But what I value most of his achievements is his sense of interior space. It is a liberated space--to be experienced not only by your eye, but felt by your touch: dimensions and modulations corresponding to your steps and movements, embracing the embracing landscape.—On Frank Lloyd Wright, 1959 Learn More: Who is Marcel Breuer?The Bauhaus, 1919–1933, The Metropolitan Museum of ArtA Bauhaus Life: Is Bauhaus Too International for America?Marcel Breuer Digital Archive at Syracuse University LibrariesThe Harvard Five in New Canaan by William D. Earls, Norton, 2006Saint Johns Abbey Church: Marcel Breuer and the Creation of a Modern Sacred Space by Victoria M. Young, University Of Minnesota Press, 2014 Sources: Marcel Breuer, Modern Homes Survey, National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2009; Biographical History, Syracuse University Libraries [accessed July 8, 2014]

Theme Of Sight And Blindness In Oedipus - 797 Words

Sophocles certainly wasnt shy about the motif of sight vs. blindness. If youve got way too much time on your hands, go through the play and highlight words like see, sight, vision, eyes, and blind. Since this motif is symbolic of the pursuit of knowledge, you can go ahead add that word, along with terms like oracle, truth, prophecy, and Apollo, since hes the god that represents all these ideas. The Oracle of Shmoop predicts that your highlighter will run out of ink, and your script will end up looking like a neon patchwork quilt.Though this motif of seeing and not seeing is laced throughout the beginning of the play, it first becomes crystal clear when the prophet Teiresias hobbles on stage. If one of Sophocless†¦show more content†¦They highlight the fact that he has been marked for suffering from the moment of his birth. This expounds upon Sophocless idea that humans have no power in face of the gods. For some mysterious reason, Oedipus has always been damned, and theres n ot much he can do about it. The scars also highlight the irony of Oedipuss ignorance. Although his name blatantly points attention to his scarred feet (which are the keys to discovering his identity), Oedipus doesn’t realize his true identity until it’s too late. This ones on Jocasta as well. Youd think she might she might have clued in to Oedipuss name long ago and asked him how he got it. The Crossroads Oedipus killed his father, Laius, at a place where three roads meet. A fateful decision made at a crossroads, huh? We detect symbolism. Oedipus couldve run into his father anywhere along the Theban Way, but instead Sophocles specifically places the confrontation at a three-way intersection.Crossroads are a traditional symbol of choice in literature. Makes sense, right? You come to an intersection and you have to decide which way to go. Its probably pretty easy to see how such a place could represent all the moments of choice in our life. In a way, every second in ones life is a tiny little crossroad. Every small choice we make affects our future in someway.Of course, Oedipuss fate has been predetermined from birth. For their own mysterious reasons the gods have decided that its necessary for Oedipus to haveShow MoreRelatedOedipus Rex: Imagery of Blindness and Sight as a Medium to the Themes1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play, Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, an honourable and ad mirable Greek king named Oedipus rules the town of Thebes. He is left in mental turmoil and decay as his unknown, corrupt and immoral past is slowly revealed during his quest to find the culprit who murdered King Laius. The newly exposed past suddenly transforms his glory and respect into shame and humiliation. After he learns about his wicked past he stabs his eyes, which lead to his blindness. During the course of the play, referencesRead MoreOedipus Rex Is A Greek Tragedy Written By Sophocles1177 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus Rex is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles. Sophocles, through writing this work along with Antigone and Oedipus at Colonus, became a legendary tragedian, and went off to produce several other works. This classic tragedy held great influence over Aristotle’s six components in his work, the Poetics, more specifically, over the component of plot and character. The birth of Oedipus Rex since spurred countless famous interpretations, including ones by th e father of psychoanalysis himself, SigmundRead More The Role of Teiresias in Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesdestruction that Oedipus will encounter after he learns the truths of his life. Teiresias is also responsible for further developing the theme of blindness by using his own physical blindness to reveal to Oedipus his mental blindness. Lastly, Teiresias is ultimately responsible for imposing dramatic irony because of his great knowledge of the truth of Oedipus. In the play, Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, the minor character of Teiresias is responsible for foreshadowing Oedipus’ fate, developing the theme of blindnessRead MoreThroughout most famous Greek literature, a great hero usually saves the day. In the story of900 Words   |  4 Pagesusually saves the day. In the story of Oedipus though, the good man with one minor flaw goes through great pain. This pain in the play Oedipus Rex is the focal point for the whole play. Almost every aspect of th e play builds up and foreshadows Oedipus’ fall from power, and entry into pain. Sophocles in his tragedy Oedipus Rex creates a mood of dramatic irony using the dualities of sight and blindness, and light and darkness. This dramatic irony highlights Oedipus’ hamartia and in doing so SophoclesRead MoreEssay on Sight and Blindness in Oedipus Rex1311 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, the themes of sight and blindness are developed in a way to communicate to the reader that it is not eyesight itself, but insight that holds the key to truth and, without it, no amount of knowledge can help uncover that truth. Some may define insight as the ability to intuitively know what is going to happen, or simply as the capacity to understand the true nature of a situation. Both definitions hold a significant role in the play, not only for more obviousRead MoreThe True Vision of Blindness in Oedipus Rex by Sophocles Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesthey are blind to it. In Oedipus Rex by Sophocles it is easy to see how blindness affects the transition of the story. It is said that blind people see â€Å"in a different manner† because they sense the world in a totally diferent way, such as Teiresias in the play. Oedipus Rex is a tragedy due to the content the Sophocles, the playwright, decided to include, first, murdering his father, king Laius, then marrying his mother, Jocasta, and ending by blinding himself. Oedipus has been blinded to the truthRead MoreOedipus The King Theme Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pages Oedipus the King: Themes of Blindness and Sight in the Sophocles Oedipus the King What does it mean to truly see? Do those blessed with normal vision really see? Oedipus the King by Sophocles’ is intertwined with many powerful themes and messages, establishing what real vision and real sight are. Sophocles’ play also demonstrates that sometimes in life we have to experience great loss in order to rediscover our true selves. In Oedipus’s quest for truth, lack of self-control, ignoranceRead MoreTheme Of Blindness In Trifles And Oedipus744 Words   |  3 Pagesacknowledge the truth or not, but there are some that are blinded to the truth. In the dramas Trifles by Susan Glaspell and Oedipus by Sophocles, Both having some type of blindness as their theme. While using the theme of blindness, the authors try to teach that the truth could sometimes be right in plain sight. In Trifles, you start to see the theme of blindness in Henry,Lewis and George during their investigation of the death of John Wright. An example of this occurs during the scene whereRead More Blindness In Oedipus The King Essay725 Words   |  3 Pages Blindness plays a two-fold part in Sophoclesamp;#8217; tragedy amp;#8220;Oedipus the King.; First, Sophocles presents blindness as a physical disability affecting the auger Teiresias, and later Oedipus; but later, blindness comes to mean an inability to see the evil in oneamp;#8217;s actions and the consequences that ensue. The irony in this lies in the fact that Oedipus, while gifted with sight, is blind to himself, in contrast to Teiresias, blind physically, but able to see the evil to whichRead MoreFree Oedipus Essays : Forms Of Light And Darkness1600 Words   |  7 Pages FORMS OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS IN OEDIPUS REX As a key theme in Greek literature, it has been mentioned that truly the only ones who can see are blind. Specifically in the play â€Å"Oedipus Rex†, Sophocles has focused on nurturing the idea that there is no requirement of eyes for having a real sight, as there requires an ability for seeing beyond the dimension of elements. As per Sophocles, one should not have the ability of seeing something, but one must have the ability of understanding it (Eskin,

The Importance of Organization in a Police Department free essay sample

The organization of a police department plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the police department. There are three major concepts you should consider when organizing a police department. They are as follows: area, time, and purpose. I will briefly discuss each concept as it relates to the organization and effectiveness of the police department. The area that any given police department is responsible for plays a huge part in it organization. For example, if a police department is responsible for patrolling twenty four square miles, then you might only have one precinct or division. A precinct, as stated in the text, is simply the entire collection of beats and sectors in a given geographic area (Dempsey Forst, 2005). One precinct may work for a police department that is responsible for twenty four square miles, but it would not be effective it if had to cover a bigger city, such as New York or Los Angeles. It would be ineffective and cause strain on the police force if they were to have one precinct responsible for a huge city. It would mean that officers would possibly take longer respond to emergency calls and there would be a lack of organization. This is why it is vital to split up the police department into different precincts, divided up by geographical areas. It allows the police officers to become familiar with the area it is patrolling. They would also have a better chance of becoming acquainted with the business owners and residents of the area, which will allow for better communication between society and the police department. Another major concept that one must think about when organizing a police department is time. This entails the scheduling of the officers, their days off, tour conditions, steady or fixed tours, and the common three tour system. The three tour system allows a police department to break up the twenty four hour day into three separate eight hour watches. It is the most common because the officers will only work eight hours, just like the rest of the society, and will not cause fatigue or ineffectiveness (Dempsey Forst, 2005). This is important because if you have officers working twelve hour shifts for five or six days of the week, they will become tired, thus losing their effectiveness. They may not have a willingness to go out there and stop crime if they do not have proper rest. Police department schedules and shifts may very depending on each police department’s responsibilities and personnel. For example, the Los Angeles Police Department employs officers on a twelve hour shift for 3 days a week. That give the officers four consecutive days off to keep morale high and an effective police force at it’s best. Today, more and more police departments are experimenting with a twelve hour for three days or a ten hour for four days shifts. Tour conditions also play a key part in how shifts are made up and assigned. If the majority of crimes occur during the evening or night watch, then a police department will probably have more officers assigned to the night watch. This will allow for officers to respond to emergency cars in a much quicker manner. The manpower in the days and swing shifts will take a hit, but fewer crimes occur during those hours so it will offset itself. Another factor or concept that plays an important role in the organization of a police department is the purpose or function of the police. What this means is that all members of a police department that are assigned to a patrol unit will be placed in the same division or bureau (Dempsey Forst, 2005). This also applies for detectives, special operation services, support services, administration services, and so on. Organizing a police department by function or purpose is important because you want to clearly define a police officer’s responsibilities within the police force. You do not want the same officer that responded to a domestic violence call to also lead the investigation on a homicide case. You want your police officer’s to focus on their respective tasks and responsibilities so that they will become more effective and comfortable doing their job as time passes. You make sure that the detectives do detective work and the patrol officers do patrol work. Also, when you place all the administrative and support personnel in separate divisions, you allow officers to perform their jobs without having to worry about training, budgets, finance issues, legal issues, clerical duties, internal affairs, or maintenance.

Organizational Behavior †Motivation Essay Example Essay Example

Organizational Behavior – Motivation Essay Example Paper Organizational Behavior – Motivation Essay Introduction MGMT 2008 – Organisational Behaviour Motivation Theory Throughout the Caribbean, managers are continually challenged to motivate a workforce to do two things: work towards helping the organization achieve its goals, and to work towards achieving their own personal goals. In order to successfully do this, they must first properly understand the concept of motivation. The Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary defines a motive as â€Å"something (a need or desire) that causes a person to act. Motivation, in turn, is defined as the act or process of providing a motive that causes a person to take some action. In most cases motivation comes from some need that leads to behavior that results in some type of reward when the need is fulfilled. Thus, managers have the responsibility of making employees willing to exert high levels of effort, sufficient to achieve their personal needs as well as the organisation’s goals. Psychologists have studied human motivation extensive ly and have derived a variety of theories about what motivates people. These include theories that focus on motivation being a function of 1) employee needs of various types, 2) extrinsic factors, and 3) intrinsic factors. One major needs-based theory was that of Abraham Maslow which focused on satisfying the needs of employees to keep them motivated. Maslow (1954) proposed a hierarchy of needs that progresses from the lowest, subsistence-level needs to the highest level of self- actualization. Once each level has been met, the theory is that an individual will be motivated by and strive to progress to satisfy the next higher level of need. Basically this hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This hierarchy is most often isplayed as a pyramid with the most basic needs at the lowest levels of the pyramid, while the more complex needs are located at the top. Those needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. Organizational Behavior – Motivation Essay Body Paragraphs As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the eed for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential, located at the tip of the pyramid. Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are referred to as deficiency needs (also known as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences. The highest-level of the pyramid was termed as growth needs (also known as being-needs or a-needs). Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Frederick Herzberg (2003) and his ‘Two Factor Theory further modified MasloWs needs theory and consolidated down to two areas of needs that motivated that deal with Job context and lead to Job dissatisfaction (company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, salary, status, and security); while motivators are those factors that deal with Job content nd lead to Job satisfaction (achievement, recognition for achievement, the work itself, responsibility and growth or advancement). Herzberg’s findings revealed that certain characteristics of a Job are consistently related to Job satisfaction, while different factors are associated with Job dissatisfaction. The conclusion he drew is that Job satisfaction and Job dissatisfaction are not opposites. The opposite of satisfaction is no satisfaction and the opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction. Remedying the causes of dissatisfaction will not create satisfacti on. Nor will adding the factors of Job satisfaction eliminate Job dissatisfaction. In order to adequately motivate employees, managers must first removed the sources of Job dissatisfaction and subsequently and those of satisfaction. The search for needs- based motivation theories also leads to McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory, which surrounds the idea that needs are acquired throughout life. That is, needs are not genetic, but are learned or developed as a result of one’s life experiences (McClelland, 1985). This theory stipulates that there are three major types of needs, hich are the need for achievement (which emphasizes the desires for success, for mastering tasks, and for attaining goals); the need for affiliation (which focuses on the desire for relationships and associations with others); and, the need for power (which relates to the desires for responsibility for, control of, and authority over others). All of these theories approach needs from a somewhat dif ferent perspective and are helpful in understanding employee motivation on the basis of needs. However, other theories of motivation also have been posited and require consideration by managers in compiling motivational strategies. Another approach to understanding motivation focuses on external factors and their role in understanding employee motivation. Best known for this is B. F. Skinner’s (1953) Reinforcement Theory which studied human behavior and proposed that individuals are motivated when their behaviors are reinforced. His theory is comprised of four types of reinforcement. The first two are associated with achieving desirable behaviors, while the last two address undesirable behaviors. Positive reinforcement’ relates to taking action that rewards positive behaviors; ‘avoidance learning’ occurs hen actions are taken to reward behaviors that avoid undesirable or negative behaviors. This is sometimes referred to as negative reinforcement. ‘Pu nishment’ includes actions designed to reduce undesirable behaviors by creating negative consequences for the individual; and, ‘extinction’ represents the removal of positive rewards for undesirable behaviors. Theories that are based on intrinsic factors focus on internal thought processes and perceptions about motivation. Examples of these kinds of theories include Adam’s Equity Theory which proposes that individuals are otivated when they perceive that they are treated equitably in comparison to others within the organization (Adams, 1963); Vroom’s Expectancy Theory which addresses the expectations of individuals and hypothesizes that they are motivated by performance and the expected outcomes of their own behaviors (Vroom, 1964); and, Locke’s Goal Setting Theory which hypothesizes that by establishing goals individuals each of these theories deals with a particular aspect of motivation, studies have found it unrealistic to address them in isolation, since these factors often do come nto play in and are important to employee motivation at one time or another. Other approaches to motivation are driven by aspects of management, such as productivity, human resources, and other considerations. The most famous theory in this regard is McGregor’s Theory X and Theory. Created by Douglas McGregor, this approach again draws upon the work of Herzberg and develops a human resources management approach to motivation. This theory first classifies managers into one of two groups. Theory X managers adopt an authoritarian style and generally believe that the verage person dislikes work and will avoid it he/she can; therefore most people must be forced with the threat of punishment to work towards organisational objectives; and the average person prefers to be directed, to avoid responsibility, is relatively unambitious, and wants security above all else. Theory Y managers, on the other hand, take a participative management app roach and believe that effort in work is as natural as work and play; people will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organisational objectives, without external control or the threat of unishment; commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement; and people usually accept and often seek responsibility. Altogether, whilst all of the aforementioned theories are helpful in understanding management and motivation from a conceptual perspective, it is important to recognize that most managers draw upon a combination of needs, extrinsic factors, and intrinsic factors in an effort to help motivate employees, to help employees meet their own personal needs and goals, and ultimately to achieve effectiveness and balance within the rganization. Managers should take into account most of the aspects upon which these theories focus, namely expectancy, goal setting, performance, feedback, equity, satisfaction, and commitment for example, when they are developing a motivational strategy for their employees. The literature which surrounds motivation theory suggest a wide range of strategies for managers to implement in seeking to help motivate employees. First off, managers should expect the best from their employees as persons tend to live up to the expectations they and others have of them. (Manton, 2005, p. 292). They should also seek to reward desired behaviours and ensure that rewards are not given for undesirable behaviors and be sure to use many different types of rewards to achieve the desired outcomes (Manton, 2005, p. 295). Allowing subordinates to take responsibility for their own motivation is another strategy. This can be achieved by managers taking steps to deal with problem employees, to understand employees’ needs, to determine what motivates their employees, to engage employees in the problem-solving process, and to really work hard at resolving, rather than ignoring, difficult employee problems (Ni cholson, 2003). Additionally managers show seek to play to the employees’ strengths, promote high performance, and focus on how they learn. This requires them to know what their employees’ strengths and weaknesses are, to find out what will be required to get specific employees to perform, and to understand how to capitalize on the ways those employees learn as an alternative method of encouraging and motivating them (Buckingham, 2005). Motivating an employee is a delicate task. Caribbean managers effectively put them in practice. Should these managers place more focus on roviding their employees with sufficient extrinsic rewards for desired performances, there is an increased likelihood that said employees will become motivated. However, creating an environment which facilitates employees’ satisfaction of intrinsic needs, is equally as important in motivating employees and keeping them motivated. References The Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary Herzber g, F. (2003, January). One more time: how do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review. Locke, E. A. , Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Maslow, A. H. 1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Row. McClelland, D. C. (1985). Human motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley. Adams, J. S. (1963, November). Towards an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Manton, J. (2005). From management to leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Nicholson, N. (2003, January). How to motivate your problem people. Harvard Business Review. Buckingham, M. (2005, March). What great managers do. Harvard Business Review. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior – Motivation Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior – Motivation Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior – Motivation Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer